Millions of cicadas are expected to emerge any day now after spending 17 years underground. The bulbous-eyed bugs will be everywhere in parts of the Eastern United States, especially Maryland, Indiana, and Pennsylvania. In fact, up to 1.5 million periodic cicadas from Brood X will pop up per acre in certain regions of these states. And that’s on top of the annual cicadas that come out every summer.
Cicadas don’t just make a lot of noise—they can also take out young trees, vines, and saplings. “Cicadas will lay their eggs in living twigs,” says Nancy Troyano, Ph.D., a board-certified entomologist and director of operations education and training for Ehrlich Pest Control. “A female will lay as many as 600 eggs. Because of the sheer numbers of periodical cicadas, heavy egg-laying may result in twig die off or ‘flagging’ in young branches.”
Smaller trees are the most at risk, says Josh Matta, an entomologist for Spectrum Garden Brands. “Small transplanted trees, particularly fruit trees, commonly have a trunk diameter small enough that egg slits made in the trunk may result in the tree snapping off,” he says.
But, Troyano adds, cicadas are “little threat” to more mature trees. Cicadas also leave behind cast skins—brown husks that are discarded as young cicadas (nymphs) grow. When a cicada invasion strikes, you can find these molts all over the place.
Not exactly thrilled with the idea of having cicadas on your property, or possibly in your home? Here’s what you can do to prepare for a possible cicada swarm—and why you should avoid harming them.
What is a cicada, exactly?
Cicadas are insects with stout bodies, broad heads, clear-membrane wings, and large compound eyes, according to National Geographic. There are more than 3,000 cicada species—some show up every 13 to 17 years, while others emerge every year when the weather gets warm.
Like most insects, cicadas have a unique life cycle. They hatch from eggs as nymphs, and dig into the ground to suck liquid from plant roots, Troyano explains. They then stay underground before surfacing as adults.
Annual cicadas and periodical cicadas are actually different species, says Judy Black, vice president of quality assurance and technical services at Orkin, LLC. “The annual cicadas are often referred to as ‘dog-day cicadas.’ They usually appear around July and August of each year,” she explains.
Periodical cicadas tend to surface between May and June and come in two types: the 13 year and 17 year. “There are three species of 13-year cicadas and three species of 17-year cicadas,” Black says. “The 17-year cicadas are generally found in the North and the 13-year cicadas are generally found in the South, but there is a great deal of overlap. Both types of periodical cicadas could appear in an area at the same time but would only emerge together once every 221 years.”
Brood X is the massive swarm slated to emerge in spring and summer 2021. This brood, consisting of hundreds of billions of cicadas, is spread across much of the Eastern United States, with especially dense concentrations in parts of Indiana, Ohio, Maryland, Pennsylvania, New Jersey, and Tennessee, per the United States Forest Service.
What do cicadas sound like?
They are loud, but the sound and volume varies. Cicada “songs” can reach 90 decibels, which is “as loud as a lawn mower, dirt bike, or tractor,” per the U.S. Department of Health & Human Services. The buzzing and clicking has been compared to “the whining of electrical wires rising and falling.” For one annual species in the Midwest, “the song sounds like someone is pressing scissors against a grind wheel in rapid succession,” according to Iowa State University.
Depending on the species, cicadas make these sounds to communicate, reproduce, and maybe even defend themselves. For periodic cicadas in general, the deafening noises you hear are a mating call—male cicadas are trying to attract a female to breed with.
How to prepare for a cicada swarm this summer
Cicadas won’t do much, if any, harm to your home and older plants, but it’s understandable that you might want to prepare for a ton of bugs. Here are a few things you can do in advance:
✔️ Get a good hose: If cicadas are hanging out on your trees or house (and you’d rather they not be there), Troyano recommends shooting them off with the spray of a garden hose.
✔️ Put mesh around your plants: Those tree seedlings you recently planted can get wrecked by cicadas unless you do something about it. That’s why Troyano recommends putting up mesh or cheesecloth around the trunk to keep cicadas from crawling up.
✔️ Wait to put in new plants, if you can: Cicadas like trees and shrubs and, if you happen to live in the region where cicadas are common, they’re going to be all over those plants. “Do not plant trees and shrubs until fall,” Black says. If you already did before you found out about the cicada hatch, she recommends covering them up temporarily.
While it can be tempting to use pesticides on cicadas, there’s really no need. “Treating yards to kill cicadas will result in an unnecessary application of pesticides to the environment and treating these insects directly may also sicken animals who then try to eat them,” Troyano says. “Also, cicadas are not venomous and do not transmit disease.”
Keep in mind, too, that it can be hard to take on a bunch of cicadas at once. “Your attempts to control significant numbers may be futile,” Matta says.
What to do if a cicada gets into your house
For the most part, cicadas are perfectly happy to stay outdoors, but a straggler could end up in your home from time to time. “Cicadas rarely find their way indoors and when they do so, it is entirely by accident through an open door or window,” Troyano says.
“The mass emergence of periodical cicadas is a phenomenon that is incredible to witness.”
If a cicada happens to meander into your place, she recommends scooping it up into a container and escorting it back outside. “You may want to avoid handling them with your bare hands,” she says. “Though they will not sting or bite, they do possess piercing-sucking mouthparts for drinking plant juices and could accidentally pierce human skin if handled.” They can also try to fly away when you handle them, so have a lid handy.
Before you start your cicada rescue mission, just keep in mind that “males will make a loud, defensive buzzing sound, but are otherwise harmless,” says Troyano.
If you don’t love seeing cicadas everywhere (or dealing with all the noise they make), try to remember that periodic cicadas only surface for about two months. “Furthermore, the mass emergence of periodical cicadas is a phenomenon that is incredible to witness,” says Black. “If you attempt to kill them, you are robbing future generations of witnessing these emergence events.”
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Korin Miller
Korin Miller is a freelance writer specializing in general wellness, sexual health and relationships, and lifestyle trends, with work appearing in Men’s Health, Women’s Health, Self, Glamour, and more. She has a master’s degree from American University, lives by the beach, and hopes to own a teacup pig and taco truck one day.
Insights, advice, suggestions, feedback and comments from experts
Cicadas: The Emergence of Brood X in the Eastern United States
Millions of cicadas are expected to emerge after spending 17 years underground. These bulbous-eyed bugs will be prevalent in parts of the Eastern United States, particularly in Maryland, Indiana, and Pennsylvania. The emergence of Brood X, a group of periodic cicadas, is anticipated to result in a population of up to 1.5 million cicadas per acre in certain regions of these states. It is important to note that this emergence is in addition to the annual cicadas that appear every summer. Cicadas are not only known for their loud noise but also for their potential to cause damage to young trees, vines, and saplings. Female cicadas lay their eggs in living twigs, and the heavy egg-laying can lead to twig die-off or "flagging" in young branches. Smaller trees, especially fruit trees, are particularly vulnerable to damage, as the egg slits made in their trunks may cause them to snap off. However, more mature trees are considered to be at little risk from cicadas [[1]].
Life Cycle and Types of Cicadas
Cicadas have a unique life cycle. They hatch from eggs as nymphs and then burrow into the ground to feed on plant roots. They remain underground for a period of time before resurfacing as adults. There are two main types of cicadas: annual cicadas and periodical cicadas. Annual cicadas, also known as "dog-day cicadas," appear every year around July and August. On the other hand, periodical cicadas emerge every 13 to 17 years, depending on the species. There are three species of 13-year cicadas and three species of 17-year cicadas. The 17-year cicadas are typically found in the northern regions, while the 13-year cicadas are more common in the southern regions. However, there can be overlap, and both types of periodical cicadas may appear in the same area at the same time, although this synchronized emergence only occurs once every 221 years. The current emergence, known as Brood X, is a massive swarm of cicadas that is expected to occur in spring and summer 2021. Brood X consists of hundreds of billions of cicadas and is spread across much of the Eastern United States, with dense concentrations in parts of Indiana, Ohio, Maryland, Pennsylvania, New Jersey, and Tennessee [[2]].
Characteristics and Sounds of Cicadas
Cicadas are insects with stout bodies, broad heads, clear-membrane wings, and large compound eyes. There are over 3,000 species of cicadas, and their appearances and emergence patterns vary. Cicada "songs" can reach up to 90 decibels, which is as loud as a lawn mower, dirt bike, or tractor. The buzzing and clicking sounds made by cicadas have been compared to the whining of electrical wires. The specific sound produced by cicadas depends on the species, and they use these sounds to communicate, reproduce, and potentially defend themselves. The loud noises emitted by male cicadas are a mating call to attract females for breeding [[3]].
Preparing for a Cicada Swarm
While cicadas generally do not cause significant harm to homes and older plants, it is understandable that people may want to prepare for a large number of bugs. Here are a few steps you can take in advance:
- Use a garden hose: If cicadas are present on your trees or house and you prefer they not be there, you can use the spray of a garden hose to shoot them off [[4]].
- Protect your plants: To prevent cicadas from damaging tree seedlings, it is recommended to put up mesh or cheesecloth around the trunk to prevent them from crawling up [[4]].
- Delay planting: If you live in an area where cicadas are common, it is advisable to wait until fall to plant trees and shrubs. If you have already planted them before learning about the cicada hatch, you can cover them temporarily to protect them from cicada damage [[4]].
- Avoid using pesticides: While it may be tempting to use pesticides to control cicadas, it is unnecessary and can have negative effects on the environment. Treating yards with pesticides can harm animals that may consume the insects, and cicadas themselves are not venomous or disease-transmitting [[4]].
It is important to note that attempting to control a large number of cicadas may be challenging, and it is recommended to appreciate the phenomenon of their mass emergence rather than trying to eliminate them [[4]].
Dealing with Cicadas Indoors
Cicadas typically prefer to stay outdoors, but occasionally, one may find its way into your home. If this happens, it is best to gently scoop up the cicada into a container and release it back outside. It is advisable to avoid handling cicadas with bare hands, as they possess piercing-sucking mouthparts that could accidentally pierce human skin. Additionally, they may attempt to fly away when handled, so having a lid ready can be helpful. It is worth noting that male cicadas may make a loud buzzing sound when handled, but they are harmless [[5]].
In conclusion, the emergence of Brood X, a massive swarm of cicadas, is expected in parts of the Eastern United States. Cicadas have a unique life cycle, and their loud sounds are a mating call. While they can cause damage to young trees, there are steps you can take to prepare for a cicada swarm, such as using a garden hose to remove them from trees and protecting tree seedlings with mesh or cheesecloth. It is important to avoid using pesticides and appreciate the phenomenon of cicada emergence rather than trying to eliminate them. If a cicada enters your home, gently capture it and release it back outside. Remember that cicadas only surface for a limited period, and attempting to kill them may prevent future generations from witnessing their emergence events [[1]][[2]][[3]][[4]][[5]].
